How To Bypass the Required Apple Store Verification For Apple iPhone 8 Plus

The Apple App Store is a familiar place for anyone with an iPhone or iPad. It’s where you find all sorts of useful and fun apps. However, one thing that can be a hassle is the store’s strict verification process. Every time you make a purchase, you need to go through this step.

It’s there for a good reason – to stop fraud – but it can get annoying, especially if you forget your Apple ID or have other issues. This article will explore the ways to stop the Apple Store “Verification Required” prompt, making your app downloading experience smoother.

Part 1: Why Does Apple Require Verification in the Apple Store?

When browsing the App Store on your Apple iPhone 8 Plus or iPad and looking to download the latest game or productivity tool, you might have noticed that Apple often asks for some form of verification before you can proceed with your purchase. This is not just a random step; there’s a solid reason behind it.

The primary reason Apple requires verification for App Store purchases is to ensure that you are the person authorizing the purchase. This security measure prevents unauthorized transactions and protects your account from fraud.

What does this verification usually involve? It could be entering your Apple ID password or using Face ID or Touch ID if your device supports these features. These methods are designed to confirm your identity quickly and securely.

Reasons Why the Verification Required Message Might Appear

There are several reasons why you might see an Apple Store’ Verification Required’ message when trying to download an app or make a purchase:

• New Apple ID. If you’ve just created a new Apple ID and need to download or pay for apps, Apple must verify your payment information. Thus, you’ll have to prove everything, especially on a new phone.
• **Payment method needs to be corrected.**Suppose there’s an issue with your Apple ID’s payment method, such as outdated or incorrect details. In that case, verification is required to ensure the account is secure and ready for transactions.
• Invalid credit card. Unsupported or invalid credit cards can trigger the verification notice, as Apple can’t process payments with these cards.
• Unpaid balance. If there’s an outstanding balance on your Apple ID, you can download or pay for new apps once this balance is cleared.
• Family Sharing restrictions. For those using Family Sharing, if the family organizer has placed restrictions on your account, this could result in a verification prompt.

Understanding these reasons is the first step in addressing the ‘Verification Required’ message. It’s not just a random or annoying hurdle; it’s there for your security and to ensure a smooth, safe experience when using the App Store.

Part 2: How To Fix Verification Required Prompt Using Apple ID

Having to deal with the ‘Verification Required’ prompt in the App Store can be a bit of a hassle, especially when you’re eager to get your hands on a new app or game. Fortunately, there are several methods you can use to resolve this issue, most of which are pretty straightforward and can be done right from your device. Here’s how to tackle it:

Update Payment Method

One of the most common reasons for the verification prompt is a problem with your payment method. To fix this, go to your Apple ID settings on your Apple iPhone 8 Plus or iPad. Tap your name at the top of the Settings app, then go to Payment & Shipping. You can update your payment information or add a new payment method here. Make sure the details are correct and up to date.

Check Unpaid Subscriptions

Sometimes, unpaid subscriptions can trigger the verification prompt. Tap the App Store > your profile icon, and select Subscriptions. Here, you can view all your subscriptions, active or expired. Check if there are any unpaid ones and clear any outstanding payments.

Don’t Require Password for Purchases

For less frequent purchases, you should change the settings so you don’t always have to enter your password. Go to Settings, then to Screen Time. Under Content & Privacy Restrictions, select iTunes & App Store Purchases. Here, you can change the settings to Don’t Require for purchases. However, be cautious with this method as it reduces security.

Sign Out of Apple ID and Re-Sign In

Sometimes, simply signing out of your Apple ID and then signing back in can resolve the issue. Go to the Settings app, tap your name at the top, and scroll down to Sign Out. After signing out, restart your device and then sign back in. This can help refresh your account settings and clear up any minor glitches.

Remember, these methods are about bypassing the verification process and ensuring your account is up-to-date and secure. Regularly checking your Apple ID settings and payment information can prevent many common issues with the App Store, including the frustrating ‘Verification Required’ prompt.

Part 3: How To Bypass Verification Required Prompt Without Apple ID

If you need to learn how to bypass the ‘Verification Required’ prompt in the App Store but don’t have access to the Apple ID or password, there’s an alternative approach using third-party software. One such tool that can assist in this situation is Wondershare Dr.Fone - Screen Unlock (iOS), which offers a feature specifically designed for this purpose.

Introducing Dr. Fone’s Screen Unlock (iOS) Feature

Dr.Fone - Screen Unlock (iOS) function includes an Apple ID remover tool. This feature is handy when you cannot remember your Apple ID or password but need to download apps from the App Store. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to use this feature.

Step-by-Step Guide To Bypass Verification Without Apple ID With Dr.Fone

Here’s a complete guide on bypassing the verification required on the App Store.

• Step 1: Install and open Wondershare Dr.Fone on your computer.

• Step 2: Navigate to Toolbox and select Screen Unlock followed by iOS.

• Step 3: In the next window, choose Remove Apple ID to proceed.

• Step 4: A connectivity status will appear on the screen with your iOS device connected to the computer. Click Unlock Now to start the process.

• Step 5: Confirm if your iOS device has a screen lock and two-factor authentication enabled. This is crucial for the process to continue smoothly.

• Step 6: Follow the on-screen instructions to put your iOS device in Recovery Mode. If necessary, you can also opt for DFU Mode by following the provided instructions. Once in Recovery Mode, the tool will recognize your device model. You’ll need to select the correct system version to proceed.

• Step 7: The tool will download the appropriate iOS firmware for your device. After the download, it will verify the firmware.

• Step 8: After firmware verification, click Unlock Now. You’ll be prompted to enter a code for confirmation. Once entered, the unlocking process will begin.

• Step 9: You’ll receive a notification once the process is complete. You may try again if the process fails to succeed the first time.

Note: After Apple ID removal, you must re-enter a new Apple ID to access the App Store. Take note of the password now if you forgot your previous one.

Conclusion

In this article, you’ve learned how to remove ‘Verification Required’ in the App Store. The primary takeaway is to try solving the issue using your Apple ID, as this approach typically prevents data loss. However, if you’re in a tight spot without access to your Apple ID, Dr.Fone - Screen Unlock (iOS) offers a reliable alternative to bypass this hurdle.

While it’s an effective solution, always consider it a secondary option to safeguard your data. Additionally, Dr.Fone can be a handy tool for various other phone-related challenges, making it a useful resource for tackling different tech problems.

Tips: Are you searching for a powerful Screen Unlock tool? No worries as Dr.Fone is here to help you. Download it and start a seamless unlock experience!

7 Ways to Lock Apps on Apple iPhone 8 Plus and iPad Securely

Are you concerned about your privacy and would like to secure certain apps on your iOS device? Don’t worry! There are plenty of ways to app lock the Apple iPhone 8 Plus and protect your privacy. You can follow the same drill to restrict the usage of certain apps for your kids as well by taking the assistance of the Apple iPhone 8 Plus app lock feature. The app lock for iPhone and iPad options can be used pretty easily. There are plenty of native and third-party solutions out there that you can use. In this post, we will make you familiar with seven different techniques on how to lock apps on iPhones and iPads.

Part 1: How to Lock Apps on iPhone with Screen Time?

Utilizing Screen Time on your Apple iPhone 8 Plus offers a versatile way to manage app access. It is done through time restrictions and a dedicated passcode. By implementing Screen Time settings, you can exercise control over app usage. It ensures added security and regulated access to your preferred applications. Now, let’s walk through the steps to learn how to lock apps on iPhone Screen Time:

Step 1. Begin by accessing the Settings on your iOS device and tapping on the “Screen Time” option. On the ensuing screen, tap “App Limits,” followed by “Add Limit.”

Step 2. Select the apps or categories of the apps, tap “Next,” and choose the “Time Limit” for the selected apps. After deciding the time limit, press “Add” from the top right corner to add an app limitation.

Part 2: How to Lock Apps on iPhone with Face ID & Passcode?

Leveraging the advanced security capabilities of Face ID or Passcode on your Apple iPhone 8 Plus X or later models effectively fortifies app access. By using facial recognition or passcodes, you can put in place an extra layer of protection. It can be done for specific apps, safeguarding your sensitive data from unauthorized access. Now, let’s proceed with the detailed steps to lock apps using Face ID or Passcode on your iOS device:

Step 1. After opening the Settings app on your Apple iPhone 8 Plus, scroll down to access “Face ID & Passcode.” Here, you will be required to provide the passcode of your device.

Step 2. After providing the passcode, select “Other Apps” and check the apps that have Face ID enabled. Remember, you’re unable to manually include apps in the list. Only those apps that have sought access to the feature will appear here automatically.

Part 3: How to Lock Apps on iPhone Using Shortcuts?

If you are unable to lock the targeted app directly with Face ID, there is no need to worry. There exist workarounds that you can use, and one of them is using the Shortcuts app. It won’t directly lock apps with the Face ID. Instead, it provides a workaround by creating a shortcut that redirects to the lock screen.

When activated, it takes you to the lock screen, prompting Face ID, Touch ID, or Passcode to access the Apple iPhone 8 Plus device again. Use the following steps to lock your apps using the Shortcuts app:

Step 1. On your Apple iPhone 8 Plus, launch the Shortcuts app and select the “Automation” tab from the bottom toolbar. There, tap “New Automation” and use the search bar to look for and select “App.”

Step 2. Now, tap “Choose” in front of the “App” and select the app you want to lock. Now, move down and select “Is Opened,” then move further down to choose “Run Immediately.” Here, leave “Notify when Run” deactivated.

Step 3. Proceed forward by tapping “Next” from the top right corner, and on the following screen, tap “New Blank Automation.” Then, press “Add Action” and enter “Lock Screen” into the Search field, then choose “Lock Screen” from the search results.

Step 4. Finally, tap “Done” to finalize the shortcut. Now, upon accessing the targeted app, the shortcut will activate in the background, causing your Apple iPhone 8 Plus to be locked. You can then use the Face ID, Touch ID, or passcode to unlock it.

Part 4: How to Lock Apps on iPhone Using Restrictions?

By taking the assistance of Apple’s native Restrictions feature, you can app lock the Apple iPhone 8 Plus without any trouble. In this way, you can set up a passcode that needs to be matched before accessing any app. This iPhone app lock is also a great way to restrict your kids from accessing certain apps or making purchases. To learn how to lock apps on iPhone or iPad using Restrictions, follow these steps:

Step 1. Unlock your device and go to its Settings > General > Restrictions.

Step 2. Turn the feature on and set up a passcode for app restrictions. To provide added security, you can set up a passcode that is not similar to your lock screen passcode.

Step 3. Now, you can set up an app lock for iPhone using Restrictions. Simply go to General > Restrictions and turn this feature on for any app of your choice.

Step 4. If you want, then you can also switch this feature off for any app using the same method.

Bonus Tip: How to Unlock iPhone withoutScreen Locks (PIN/pattern/fingerprints/face)

It can be a trouble if you forget your Apple iPhone 8 Plus passcode since there are many restrictions on using iPhone. Also, if you are still unable to verify your Apple ID by using the above ways you may consider removing your Apple ID on your iOS devices. Here is an easy way to help you bypass Apple ID without a password and 100% working, which is to use Dr.Fone - Screen Unlock (iOS). It’s a professional iOS unlocker tool that can help you remove various locks on iPhones and iPads. With only a few steps, you can easily remove your Apple ID.

Dr.Fone - Screen Unlock (iOS)

Remove iPhone iPhone-locked screen without Hassle.

• Unlock an iPhone whenever the passcode is forgotten.
• Save your Apple iPhone 8 Plus quickly from the disabled state.
• Free your sim out of any carrier worldwide.
• Works for all models of iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.
• Fully compatible with the latest iOS.

4,008,670 people have downloaded it

Part 5: How to Lock Apps on iPhone Using Guided Access?

Besides the Restrictions feature, you can also take the assistance of Guided Access to lock a certain app on your device. It was originally introduced in iOS 6 and can be used to restrict your device temporarily with the usage of a single app. It is mostly used by parents who would like to restrict their kids from using a single app while lending their devices. Teachers and people with special needs also use Guided Access pretty frequently. To learn how to lock apps on iPhone using Guided Access, follow these steps:

Step 1. To start with, go to your device’s Settings > General > Accessibility and tap on the “Guided Access” option.

Step 2. Turn on the “Guided Access” feature and tap on the “Passcode Settings”.

Step 3. After selecting the “Set Guided Access Passcode” option, you can set up a passcode to use it as an app lock for iPhone.

Step 4. Now, simply launch the app that you want to restrict and tap the Home button three times. This will start the Guided Access mode.

Step 5. Your phone would now be restricted to this app. You can further restrict the usage of certain app features as well.

Step 6. To exit the Guided Access mode, tap the Home screen three times and provide the respective passcode.

Part 6: How to Lock Apps on iPhone with Touch ID?

On the Apple iPhone 8 Plus 8 Series and iPhone SE, Apple offers Touch ID for security. In the process, it is similar to the Face ID available on the later iPhones. If you have an iOS device with Touch ID, here are the steps you can follow for the app lock iPhone process:

Instructions: To start, open the Settings application. Now scroll down to locate and select the “Touch ID & Passcode” option. On the following screen, you can deactivate or activate Touch ID for apps.

Part 7: How to Lock Apps on iPhone Using Third-Party Apps?

1. Lock Apps onApple iPhone 8 Plus & iPad via Famisafe

If the reason you want to lock the apps on your Apple iPhone 8 Plus has to do with managing your kid’s phone usage, we have an excellent alternative for you. FamiSafe is a reliable parental control app that offers features to monitor and manage a child’s device usage. It focuses on parental controls, including features like screen time management, location tracking, web filtering, and activity monitoring.

It offers robust controls to restrict overall device usage, set screen time limits, and monitor app usage. This helps parents guide and regulate their children’s activities on iOS devices. You can use the following steps to lock apps using FamiSafe:

Step 1: Install FamiSafe and FamiSafe Jr on Respective Devices

Get FamiSafe from the App Store and log in using your Wondershare ID or your Apple, Google, or Facebook account. Select the parent mode and link your child’s phone by installing FamiSafe Jr on their devices using either the QR code or the pairing code. Once the pairing is done, input details about your children and allow FamiSafe Jr to oversee their devices.

Step 2: Provide the Necessary Permissions to FamiSafe

Now, activate Accessibility for FamiSafe by accessing “Settings,” tapping “FamiSafe,” and enabling “Location.” Then, grant access to the Apple iPhone 8 Plus device’s photos, microphone, and motion & fitness activity. Now, use a computer and connect your child’s device with a USB cable. Activate content blockers in Safari to prevent kids from accessing inappropriate content.

Step 3: Connect the Kid’s Device to the Computer

To do that, access “Safari” in “Settings” and move to”Content Blockers” to enable FamiSafe. To get started, connect your kids’ iOS devices to your PC. Once connected, navigate to the main interface and select “Features” located at the bottom. This will display available features, and you can proceed by tapping on “App Blocker.”

Step 4: Block Any App Using the App Blocker Feature

Establish the connection between your kids’ iOS devices and your PC by pairing them with your phone. From there, effortlessly choose and block any unwanted apps on your kids’ phones. Additionally, you have the option to block apps based on their App Store ratings for added control and security.

2. Lock apps onApple iPhone 8 Plus & iPad using App Locker

Besides the native iPhone app lock solutions, you can also take the assistance of a third-party tool. However, most of these apps only support jailbroken devices. Therefore, if you wish to use a dedicated app lock for your Apple iPhone 8 Plus, then you need to jailbreak your device. Needless to say, getting your device jailbroken has its perks and demerits. If you don’t want to jailbreak your device, then you can simply take the assistance of the above-mentioned solutions.

However, if you have a jailbroken device and would like to app lock the iPhone, then you can also use AppLocker. It is available at Cydia’s repository and can be purchased for just $0.99. It can be installed on your jailbroken device to get an added level of security. Not just apps, it can also be used to lock certain settings, folders, accessibilities, and more. To learn how to lock apps on iPhone using AppLocker, follow these steps:

Step 1. Firstly, get AppLocker on your device from http://www.cydiasources.net/applocker . As of now, it works on iOS 6 to 10 versions.

Step 2. After installing the tweak, you can go to Settings > Applocker to access it.

Step 3. To access the feature, make sure that you have “Enabled” it (by turning it on).

Step 4. This will let you set up a passcode to lock the apps and settings of your choice.

Step 5. To app lock, the iPhone, visit the “Application Locking” feature on your device.

Step 6. From here, you can turn on (or off) the locking feature for apps of your choice.

This will let your app lock the Apple iPhone 8 Plus without any trouble. You can also go to the “Reset Password Phrase” to change the passcode.

3. Lock Apps onApple iPhone 8 Plus & iPad using BioProtect

Just like Applocker, BioProtect is another third-party tool that works only on jailbroken devices. It can also be downloaded from Cydia’s repository. Apart from apps, you can also use BioProtect to lock settings, SIM features, folders, and more. It is linked to the Touch ID of the Apple iPhone 8 Plus device and scans the fingerprint of a user to grant (or deny) access to any app. The app only works on iPhone 5s and later devices, having a Touch ID. However, you can also set a passcode as well if your Touch ID is not working. To use the BioProtect app lock for iPhone, follow these steps:

Step 1. Firstly, get the BioProtect app to lock iPhone on your device from the right http://cydia.saurik.com/package/net.limneos.bioprotect/ .

Step 2. To access the tweak’s panel, you need to provide your fingerprint access.

Step 3. Place your finger on your Touch ID and match its print.

Step 4. This will let you access the BioProtect app settings.

Step 5. Firstly, enable the app by turning the respective feature on.

Step 6. Under the “Protected Applications” section, you can see a list of all the major apps.

Step 7. Simply turn on (or off) the feature of the app that you wish to lock.

Step 8. You can also go to the “Touch ID” feature to further calibrate the app.

Step 9. After setting the lock, you would be asked to authenticate using your fingerprint to access the protected app.

Wrap it up

By following these solutions, you would be able to learn how to lock apps on the Apple iPhone 8 Plus without much trouble. We have provided both, third-party as well as native solutions to app lock the Apple iPhone 8 Plus in a secure manner. You can go with your preferred option and provide an added layer of security on your device to keep it safe.

Unlocking Apple iPhone 8 Plus Lock Screen: 3 Foolproof Methods that Actually Work

The competition in the market between Android and iOS has been increased ever since the features are increasing. People get attracted by anything that is new and unique. The competitive brands are taking things seriously and are coming up with the eye-catching mobile body and mesmerizing features.

Someone who is new in the Apple world must not be aware of the security activation lock and many other different features. No one can use your Apple device without the activation lock. The fact that user can remove all the data from iPhone whenever they want and can even restore it instantly gets user attention.

Looking more into the Apple iPhone 8 Plus world, people might be confused between the lock screen and activation lock. Also, they might be facing the problem of how to bypass the lock screen of iPhone Apple iPhone 8 Plus . Let us answer your questions and provide you some knowledge.

Part 1. Can Someone Bypass the Apple iPhone 8 Plus Activation Lock?

Protecting user’s information is among the core objectives of Apple. For this purpose, an activation lock has been developed for iPhone, iPad, iPod, and Apple Watch users. The lock prevents any other person from using your apple device in case it’s lost or stolen.

The phones that are iOS 7 or above versions do not need to manually enable the lock because it is auto-enabled once the phone is switched on. The strong security concerns behind this lock do not allow your device’s misuse from someone who is using it for the wrong purpose.

Apple’s activation server saves your Apple ID, and in case the phone is turned off, or any erasing activity is observed, then the Apple iPhone 8 Plus device will ask to unlock the iCloud activation. Suppose you have purchased a phone from someone, and it asks for an activation lock. That is because the Apple iPhone 8 Plus device is still linked with the old owner and hence, will not allow you to access the phone.

For this, if the Apple iPhone 8 Plus device is asking for an activation lock, the user cannot bypass the Apple iPhone 8 Plus activation lock. The only way to get rid of that is to break the link between the Apple device and the prior owner, but that requires Apple ID.

Part 2. Bypass iPhone Lock Screen Apple iPhone 8 Plus without Passcode [No iTunes]

The major difference between the lock screen and activation lock is that the lock screen can be bypassed without the password but, the user can never bypass the activation lock as it marks the security boundary of Apple.

You might be wondering how to escape the lock screen without a password because it is possible that you might forget the password, and now you can’t open your phone. Let’s look at how you can do this;

The commonly faced problem of many iOS users was that they forget the password but later, an amazing solution to this problem as Dr.Fone – Screen Unlock application was known and used by almost all iOS users. Some of its features are;

• The application is easy to use. It does not need any technical skill to use it, and everyone can handle the application.
• It can unlock a disabled iPhone even if the user doesn’t have the passcode.
• It fully supports iPhone 8, iPhone X, and all the latest models of iPhone.
• You don’t have to worry if you got a second-hand phone because Dr.Fone can unlock it.

Let us now show you how to use the application and enjoy life with iPhone;

Step 1: Download Dr.Fone

The user is requested to download Dr.Fone – Screen Unlock on Windows or Mac system from its official website. Once it’s downloaded, you should install it and then, it will be ready to use. Launch it whenever you want to bypass the Apple iPhone 8 Plus lock screen.

As you will launch the application, the home page will appear from that, and you have to select ‘Screen Unlock’ that is on the left.

Step 2: Make a Connection

The user is now supposed to make the connection between iPhone and the system and let the application automatically detect it. When you are ready to initiate the action, just click on the button ‘Unlock iOS Screen.’

Step 3: Activate DFU Mode

Once the system has detected the phone, the user is advised to activate the DFU mode by turning off the phone and connecting it to the computer.

Step 4: Information for Confirmation

The next window will ask for some basic information regarding the iOS device and version.

Step 5: Firmware Update

Click on the ‘Download’ button at the bottom to get the firmware update for your phone. This might take some time as the firmware update for your phone is being downloaded. As that’s done, click on the ‘Unlock Now’ button on the screen.

Step 3: Select the Path

Select the saving path where you want to save your screenshots. For this, click on the “Settings” and go to “Screenshots and recording settings.”

You will see the option “Save to.” Guide the path, and all taken screenshots will be stored at the selected location.

Provide the system with an on-screen confirmation code to continue the process. When that is done, the interface will notify you. By clicking on the ‘Try Again’ button, you can repeat the process.

Part 3. Erase iPhone from iCloud [Apple ID & Password]

People keep on switching between Android and iOS. Not everyone sticks to one thing, and so do passionate mobile users do. But suppose someone is changing their phone and they want to delete the Apple iPhone 8 Plus from iCloud, both the Apple ID and its password; what should be done in such a scenario?

The user can easily bypass the lock screen on their iPhone from iCloud only if their Find My iPhone feature is turned on. Let us take you through the steps that will help you to do the task;

1. User is firstly supposed to log in to iCloud.com on their computer or any other device in use by using the Apple ID and password.

   

   In case the user has enabled the two-factor authentication on iPhone, then they should hit ‘Trust’ and enter the six-digit verification code sent to their iPhones on the iCloud web.

2. Once that is done, and you have logged in to iCloud, select the option of ‘Find iPhone.’

3. Now, the user should select and click on ‘All Devices, located at the top of the browser.

4. The system will now ask for your Apple ID and password; provide that.

5. After you have done that, a list of all the Apple iPhone 8 Plus devices will appear. You are now supposed to select your device and click on the option of ‘Erase iPhone.’

   

6. Doing this will wipe all the data, settings and, also the password.

Part 4. Restore Apple iPhone 8 Plus Apple iPhone 8 Plus to Factory Reset by iTunes

Most iPhone users have synced the Apple device to iTunes. This helps them to recover the data in case it is lost. If the user has created an appropriate backup across iTunes, they can easily carry out the process of bypassing the lock screen. In other words, iPhone users have everything saved without the fear of being lost.

iPhone users can even restore their phones to factory settings without losing anything and by just using iTunes. Let us show you how it is done;

1. Users should start the process by turning their phone off and connecting it to the computer.
2. Now, the user should press and hold the ‘Home’ button and ‘Power’ button together. Release them when you see ‘Connect to iTunes’ on the screen.
3. Once that is done, the user is now requested that from the menu on the left side of the screen, select ‘Summary.’

![ways to bypass Apple iPhone 8 Plus  lock screen 3](https://images.wondershare.com/drfone/article/2021/04/ways-to-bypass-ios-14-lock-screen-3.jpg)

4. A new window will appear, the Summary window. From this, the user is supposed to select the option of ‘Restore iPhone.’

   

5. Selecting the restore option, a confirmation window will appear on the screen, asking the user to confirm the decision of the restore process.

6. As soon as iTunes has finished the restoring process, the phone is ready and reset.

Users can now retrieve all the data that has been backed up on iTunes.

Conclusion

The article has covered a sufficient portion of knowledge for the user regarding how they can bypass iPhone lock screen Apple iPhone 8 Plus . The difference between the common confusion of lock screen and activation screen and also a few tips and tricks have been discussed.